HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM
Wednesday, 31 August 2016
Wednesday, 9 March 2016
DYSCALCULIA
DYSCALCULIA
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Dyscalculia is
difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic, such as difficulty in
understanding numbers, learning how to manipulate numbers, and learning facts
in mathematics. It is generally seen as a specific developmental disorder.
Dyscalculia
can occur in people from across the whole IQ range, often, but not always,
involving difficulties with time, measurement, and spatial reasoning. Estimates
of the prevalence of dyscalculia range between 3 and 6% of the population. A
quarter of children with dyscalculia have ADHD.
Mathematical
disabilities can occur as the result of some types of brain injury, in which
case the proper term is acalculia, to distinguish it from dyscalculia which is
of innate, genetic or developmental origin.
Dyscalculia
has been associated with female children who have Turner syndrome, people who
have spina bifida and has also been associated with children who have ADHD.
DYSLEXIA
DYSLEXIA
Dyslexia,
also known as reading disorder, is characterized by trouble with reading
unrelated to problems with overall intelligence.Different people are affected
to varying degrees. Problems may include difficulties in spelling words,
reading quickly, writing words, "sounding out" words in the head,
pronouncing words when reading aloud and understanding what one reads. Often
these difficulties are first noticed at school. When someone who previously
could read loses their ability, it is known as alexia. The difficulties are
involuntary and people with this disorder have an unaffected desire to learn.
The cause of
dyslexia is believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors.Some
cases run in families. It often occurs in people with attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) and is associated with similar difficulties with numbers.It may
begin in adulthood as the result of a traumatic brain injury, stroke, or
dementia. The underlying mechanisms are problems within the brain's language
processing.Dyslexia is diagnosed through a series of tests of memory, spelling,
vision, and reading skills.Dyslexia is separate from reading difficulties
caused by insufficient teaching; or either hearing or vision problems.
Treatment
involves adjusting teaching methods to meet the person's needs. While not
curing the underlying problem, it may decrease the degree of symptoms.
Treatments targeting vision are not effective.Dyslexia is the most common
learning disability, affecting 3–7 % of the population; however, up to 20% may
have some degree of symptoms. While dyslexia is more often diagnosed in men, it
has been suggested that it affects men and women equally. Dyslexia occurs in
all areas of the world. Some believe that dyslexia should be best considered as
a different way of learning, with both benefits and downsides.
PESTICIDES
PESTICIDES
Pesticides
are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest.
They are a class of biocide. The most common use of pesticides is as plant
protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general
protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects. This
use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often treated as
synonymous with plant protection product, although it is in fact a broader
term, as pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes. The term
pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticide, insect growth
regulator, nematicide, termiticide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide,
rodenticide, predacide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent,
antimicrobial, fungicide, disinfectant (antimicrobial), and sanitizer.
In general,
a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium,
antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise
discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds,
mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that
destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors.
Although pesticides have benefits, some also have drawbacks, such as potential
toxicity to humans and other species. According to the Stockholm Convention on
Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent
organic chemicals are organochlorine pesticides.
CANCER
CANCER
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth
with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all
tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body.,Possible
signs and symptoms include: a new lump, abnormal bleeding, a prolonged cough,
unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements among others. While
these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may also occur due to other issues.
There are over 100 different known cancers that affect humans.
Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths.Another
10% is due to obesity, a poor diet, lack of physical activity, and consumption
of alcohol.Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation,
and environmental pollutants. In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are
due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human papillomavirus
(HPV).These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell.
Typically many such genetic changes are required before cancer develops.Approximately
5–10% of cancers are due to genetic defects inherited from a person's parents.
Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests. It is
then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy.
Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking, maintaining a
healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables,
fruits and whole grains, being vaccinated against certain infectious diseases,
not eating too much processed and red meat, and avoiding too much exposure to
sunlight.[9][10] Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and
colorectal cancer.The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial.Cancer
is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery,
chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.Pain and symptom management are an important
part of care. Palliative care is particularly important in those with advanced
disease.The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of
disease at the start of treatment. In children under 15 at diagnosis the
five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80%.For cancer in
the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66%.
Sunday, 14 February 2016
TISSUE CULTURE
TISSUE CULTURE
Tissue
culture is the growth of tissues or cells separate from the organism. This is
typically facilitated via use of a liquid, semi-solid, or solid growth medium,
such as broth or agar. Tissue culture commonly refers to the culture of animal
cells and tissues, with the more specific term plant tissue culture being used
for plants. The term "tissue culture" was coined by American
pathologist Montrose Thomas Burrows, M.D.
In 1885
Wilhelm Roux removed a section of the medullary plate of an embryonic chicken
and maintained it in a warm saline solution for several days, establishing the
basic principle of tissue culture. In 1907 the zoologist Ross Granville
Harrison demonstrated the growth of frog embryonic cells that would give rise
to nerve cells in a medium of clotted lymph. In 1913, E. Steinhardt, C.
Israeli, and R. A. Lambert grew vaccinia virus in fragments of guinea pig
corneal tissue.In 1996, the first use of regenerative tissue was used to
replace a small distance of a urethra, which led to the understanding that the
technique of obtaining samples of tissue, growing it outside the body without a
scaffold, and reapplying it, can be used for only small distances of less than
1 cm.
In modern
usage, tissue culture generally refers to the growth of cells from a tissue
from a multicellular organism in vitro. These cells may be cells isolated from
a donor organism, primary cells, or an immortalised cell line. The cells are
bathed in a culture medium, which contains essential nutrients and energy
sources necessary for the cells' survival. The term tissue culture is often
used interchangeably with cell culture.
The literal
meaning of tissue culture refers to the culturing of tissue pieces, i.e.
explant culture.
Tissue
culture is an important tool for the study of the biology of cells from
multicellular organisms. It provides an in vitro model of the tissue in a well
defined environment which can be easily manipulated and analysed.
Plant tissue
culture in particular is concerned with the growing of entire plants from small
pieces of plant tissue, cultured in medium.
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
HUMAN GENOME PROJECT
The Human
Genome Project (HGP) is an international scientific research project with the
goal of determining the sequence of chemical base pairs which make up human
DNA, and of identifying and mapping all of the genes of the human genome from
both a physical and functional standpoint. It remains the world's largest collaborative
biological project.The project was proposed and FUNDED by the US government;
planning started in 1984, got underway in 1990, and was declared complete in
2003. A parallel project was conducted outside of government by the Celera
Corporation, or Celera Genomics, which was formally launched in 1998. Most of
the government-sponsored sequencing was performed in twenty universities and
research centers in the United States, the United Kingdom, Japan, France,
Germany, and China.
The Human
Genome Project originally aimed to map the nucleotides contained in a human
haploid reference genome (more than three billion). The "genome" of
any given individual is unique; mapping "the human genome" involves
sequencing multiple variations of each gene.
The project
did not aim to sequence all the DNA found in human cells. It sequenced only
"euchromatic" regions of the genome, which make up about 90% of the
genome. The other regions, called "heterochromatic" are found in
centromeres and telomeres, and were not sequenced under the project.
The Human
Genome Project was declared complete in April 2003. An initial rough draft of
the human genome was available in June 2000 and by February 2001 a working
draft had been completed and published followed by the final sequencing mapping
of the human genome on April 14, 2003. Although this was reported to be 99% of
the euchromatic human genome with 99.99% accuracy a major quality assessment of
the human genome sequence was published on May 27, 2004 indicating over 92% of
sampling exceeded 99.99% accuracy which was within the intended goal.Further
analyses and papers on the HGP continue to occur.
The
sequencing of the human genome holds benefits for many fields, from molecular
medicine to human evolution. The Human Genome Project, through its sequencing
of the DNA, can help us understand diseases including: genotyping of specific
viruses to direct appropriate treatment; identification of mutations linked to
different forms of cancer; the design of medication and more accurate
prediction of their effects; advancement in forensic applied sciences; biofuels
and other energy applications; agriculture, animal husbandry, bioprocessing;
risk assessment; bioarcheology, anthropology and evolution. Another proposed
benefit is the commercial development of genomics research related to DNA based
products, a multibillion-dollar industry.
Sálim Moizuddin Abdul Ali
Sálim Moizuddin Abdul Ali
Sálim
Moizuddin Abdul Ali
(12 November 1896 – 20 June 1987) was an Indian ornithologist and naturalist.
Sometimes referred to as the "birdman of India", Salim Ali was among
the first Indians to conduct systematic bird surveys across India and several
bird books that he wrote helped popularize ornithology in India. He became the
key figure behind the Bombay Natural History Society after 1947 and used his
personal influence to garner government support for the organisation, create
the Bharatpur bird sanctuary (Keoladeo National Park) and prevent the
destruction of what is now the Silent Valley National Park. Along with Sidney
Dillon Ripley he wrote the ten volume Handbook of the Birds of India and
Pakistan, a second edition of which was completed after his death. He was
awarded the Padma Bhushan in 1958 and the Padma Vibhushan in 1976, India's
third and second highest civilian honours respectively.Several species of birds
and a couple of bird sanctuaries and institutions have been named after him.
Salim Ali
wrote numerous journal articles, chiefly in the Journal of the Bombay Natural
History Society. He also wrote a number of popular and academic books, many of
which remain in print. Ali credited Tehmina, who had studied in England, for
helping improve his English prose. Some of his literary pieces were used in a
collection of English writing. A popular article that he wrote in 1930 Stopping
by the woods on a Sunday morning was reprinted in The Indian Express on his
birthday in 1984. His most popular work was The Book of Indian Birds, written
in the style of Whistler's Popular Handbook of Birds, first published in 1941
and subsequently translated into several languages with numerous editions. The
first ten editions sold more than forty-six thousand copies. The first edition
was reviewed by Ernst Mayr in 1943, who commended it while noting that the
illustrations were not to the standard of American bird-books. His magnum opus
was however the 10 volume Handbook of the Birds of India and Pakistan written
with Dillon Ripley and often referred to as "the handbook". This work
started in 1964 and ended in 1974 with a second edition completed after his
death by others, notably J S Serrao of the BNHS, Bruce Beehler, Michel Desfayes
and Pamela Rasmussen.
MUSEUM
MUSEUM
A museum is
an institution that cares for (conserves) a collection of artifacts and other
objects of artistic, cultural, historical, or scientific importance and makes
them available for public viewing through exhibits that may be permanent or
temporary. Most large museums are located in major cities throughout the
world and more local ones exist in smaller cities, towns and even the
countryside. Museums have varying aims, ranging from serving researchers and
specialists to serving the general public. The goal of serving researchers is
increasingly shifting to serving the general public.
Some of the
most attended museums include the Louvre in Paris, the National Museum of China
in Beijing, the Smithsonian Institution in Washington, D.C., the British Museum
in London, the National Gallery in London and The Metropolitan Museum of Art in
New York City. There are many types of museums, including art museums, natural
history museums, science museums, war museums and children's museums.
As of the
2010s, the continuing acceleration in the digitization of information, combined
with the increasing capacity of digital information storage, is causing the
traditional model of museums (i.e. as static bricks-and-mortar
"collections of collections" of three-dimensional specimens and
artifacts) to expand to include virtual exhibits and high-resolution images of
their collections that patrons can peruse, study, and explore from any place
with Internet.[citation needed] The city with the largest number of museums is
Mexico City with over 128 museums. According to The World Museum Community, there are more than
55,000 museums in 202 countries.
BOTANICAL GARDEN
BOTANICAL GARDEN
A botanical
garden or botanic garden is a garden dedicated to the collection,
cultivation and display of a wide range of plants labelled with their botanical
names. It may contain specialist plant collections such as cacti and succulent
plants, herb gardens, plants from particular parts of the world, and so on;
there may be greenhouses, shadehouses, again with special collections such as
tropical plants, alpine plants, or other exotic plants. Visitor services at a
botanical garden might include tours, educational displays, art exhibitions,
book rooms, open-air theatrical and musical performances, and other
entertainment.
Botanical
gardens are often run by universities or other scientific research
organizations, and often have associated herbaria and research programmes in
plant taxonomy or some other aspect of botanical science. In principle, their
role is to maintain documented collections of living plants for the purposes of
scientific research, conservation, display, and education, although this will
depend on the resources available and the special interests pursued at each
particular garden.
The origin
of modern botanical gardens can be traced to European medieval medicinal
gardens known as physic gardens, the first of these being founded during the
Italian Renaissance in the 16th century. This early concern with medicinal
plants changed in the 17th century to an interest in the new plant imports from
explorations outside Europe as botany gradually established its independence
from medicine. In the 18th century, systems of nomenclature and classification
were devised by botanists working in the herbaria and universities associated
with the gardens, these systems often being displayed in the gardens as
educational "order beds". With the rapid rise of European imperialism
in the late 18th century, botanic gardens were established in the tropics, and
economic botany became a focus with the hub at the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
near London.
Over the
years, botanical gardens, as cultural and scientific organisations, have
responded to the interests of botany and horticulture. Nowadays, most botanical
gardens display a mix of the themes mentioned and more; having a strong
connection with the general public, there is the opportunity to provide visitors
with information relating to the environmental issues being faced at the start
of the 21st century, especially those relating to plant conservation and
sustainability.
Contents
Saturday, 13 February 2016
NATURAL RESOURCES
NATURAL RESOURCES
Natural
Resources are all that exists without the actions of humankind. This includes
all natural characteristics such as magnetic, gravitational, and electrical
properties and forces. On earth we include sunlight, atmosphere, water, land
(includes all minerals) along with all vegetation and animal life that
naturally subsists upon or within the heretofore identified characteristics and
substances.
Particular
areas such as "The rainforest in Fatu-Hiva" are often characterized
by the biodiversity and geodiversity existent in their ecosystems. Natural
resources may be further classified in different ways. Natural resources are
materials and components (something that can be used) that can be found within
the environment. Every man-made product is composed of natural resources (at
its fundamental level). A natural resource may exist as a separate entity such
as fresh water, and air, as well as a living organism such as a fish, or it may
exist in an alternate form which must be processed to obtain the resource such
as metal ores, mineral oil, and most forms of energy.
There is
much debate worldwide over natural resource allocations, this is partly due to
increasing scarcity (depletion of resources) but also because the exportation
of natural resources is the basis for many economies (particularly for
developed nations).
Some natural
resources such as sunlight and air can be found everywhere, and are known as
ubiquitous resources. However, most resources only occur in small sporadic
areas, and are referred to as localized resources. There are very few resources
that are considered inexhaustible (will not run out in foreseeable future) –
these are solar radiation, geothermal energy, and air (though access to clean
air may not be). The vast majority of resources are exhaustible, which means
they have a finite quantity and can be depleted if managed improperly.
Renewability
is a very popular topic and many natural resources can be categorized as either
renewable or non-renewable:
Renewable resources – Renewable resources can be
replenished naturally. Some of these resources, like sunlight, air, wind, etc.,
are continuously available and their quantity is not noticeably affected by
human consumption. Though many renewable resources do not have such a rapid
recovery rate, these resources are susceptible to depletion by over-use.
Resources from a human use perspective are classified as renewable only so long
as the rate of replenishment/recovery exceeds that of the rate of consumption.
Non-renewable resources – Non-renewable resources either
form slowly or do not naturally form in the environment. Minerals are the most
common resource included in this category. By the human perspective, resources
are non-renewable when their rate of consumption exceeds the rate of
replenishment/recovery; a good example of this are fossil fuels, which are in
this category because their rate of formation is extremely slow (potentially
millions of years), meaning they are considered non-renewable. Some resources
actually naturally deplete in amount without human interference, the most
notable of these being radio-active elements such as uranium, which naturally
decay into heavy metals. Of these, the metallic minerals can be re-used by
recycling them, but coal and petroleum cannot be recycled
SCIENCE LABORATORY
SCIENCE LABORATORY
A laboratory is a facility that provides controlled conditions in which scientific or technological research, experiments, and measurement may be performed.
Laboratories used for scientific research take many forms because of the differing requirements of specialists in the various fields of science and engineering. A physics laboratory might contain a particle accelerator or vacuum chamber, while a metallurgy laboratory could have apparatus for casting or refining metals or for testing their strength. A chemist or biologist might use a wet laboratory, while a psychologist's laboratory might be a room with one-way mirrors and hidden cameras in which to observe behavior. In some laboratories, such as those commonly used bycomputer scientists, computers (sometimes supercomputers) are used for either simulations or the analysis of datacollected elsewhere. Scientists in other fields will use still other types of laboratories. Engineers use laboratories as well to design, build, and test technological devices.
Scientific laboratories can be found in schools and universities, in industry, in government or military facilities, and even aboard ships and spacecraft.
Friday, 12 February 2016
LIBRARY
LIBRARY
A school
library (or a school library media center) is a library within a school where
students, staff, and often, parents of a public or private school have access
to a variety of resources. The goal of the school library media center is to
ensure that all members of the school community have equitable access "to
books and reading, to information, and to information technology."A school
library media center "uses all types of media... is automated, and
utilizes the Internet [as well as books] for information gathering."School
libraries are distinct from public libraries because they serve as
"learner-oriented laboratories which support, extend, and individualize
the school's curriculum... A school library serves as the center and
coordinating agency for all material used in the school."
Researchers
have demonstrated that school libraries have a positive impact on student
achievement through the more than 60 studies that have been conducted in 19
U.S. states and one Canadian province. The major finding of these studies was
that students with access to a well-supported school library media program with
a qualified school library media specialist, scored higher on reading
assessments regardless of their socio-economic statuses. In addition, a study
conducted in Ohio revealed that 99.4% of students surveyed believed that their
school librarians and school library media programs helped them succeed in
school. A report that reported similar conclusions was compiled by Michele Lonsdale
in Australia in 2003.
Thursday, 11 February 2016
RATING SCALE
RATING SCALE
MOTIVATION
MOTIVATION
Motivation
is a theoretical construct used to explain behavior. It represents the reasons
for people's actions, desires, and needs. Motivation can also be defined as
one's direction to behavior, or what causes a person to want to repeat a
behavior and vice versa. A motive is what prompts the person to act in a
certain way, or at least develop an inclination for specific behavior.
According to Maehr and Meyer, "Motivation is a word that is part of the
popular culture as few other psychological concepts are".
Most
motivation theorists assume that motivation is involved in the performance of
all learned responses; that is, a learned behavior will not occur unless it is
energized. The major question among
psychologists, in general, is whether motivation is a primary or secondary
influence on behavior. That is, are
changes in behavior better explained by principles of environmental/ecological
influences, perception, memory, cognitive development, emotion, explanatory
style, or personality or are concepts unique to motivation more pertinent.
For example,
it is known that people respond to increasingly complex or novel events (or
stimuli) in the environment up to a point and then the rate of responding
decreases. This inverted-U-shaped curve
of behavior is well-known and widely acknowledged (e.g., Yerkes & Dodson,
1908). However, the major issue is one
of explaining this phenomenon. Is this a
conditioning (is the individual behaving because of past classical or operant
conditioning), another type of external motivation such as social or
ecological, an internal motivational process (e.g., cognition, emotion, or
self-regulation), or is there some better explanation?
BUDDHIST EDUCATION
BUDDHIST EDUCATION
Buddhism
came into existence in about 600 B.C. Buddhism and Jainism were offshoots of
Hinduism. As there was little change in their ideals of life, the concept of
education also suffered only a shift of emphasis.
There was no
water tight compartment in the realm of thought separating Brahmanism, Buddhism
and Jainism. They all contributed harmoniously to the development of culture as
a whole and their contributions to education were inextricably mixed up. The
creative vein of the age was reflected in the field of education and culture.
As frontiers
of knowledge became wide, pursuit of knowledge also assumed a more systematic
and organised method. The practice of Buddhist Education probably varied very
much in different countries and at different times. We get a valuable picture
of Buddhist education as it existed in India from the records left by certain
Chinese Buddhist scholars, who visited India in the fifth and seventh centuries
of this era.
They had
undertaken long, toilsome and dangerous journeys, only because the fame of the
Buddhist monasteries in India as places of learning had crossed the territorial
jurisdiction of India. Fa-hien, who was in India between A.D. 339 and A.D. 414,
makes frequent references to monasteries as seats of learning. Huen Tsiang who
came to India during A.D. 629 to A. 645 referred to the popularity of Buddhism
which was in a flourishing state. I-Tsing another Chinese scholar who came to
India and was in the country from A.D. 673 to 687 also highlighted some of the
brighter aspects of the prevalent system of education.
The main
educational centers of Buddhism were Monasteries and Viharas. A network of such
centers of education was started during the period. The entire educational
system was controlled and supervised by the monks. There was provision for both
religions as well as secular types of education. Therefore, emphasis was laid
on personal conduct rather than external rites and ceremonies as in the
Brahmanic system. Thus the aim of education was to prepare for a good life, a
moral life.
The whole
discipline (Siksha) had three important aspects viz, morality contemplation and
wisdom. In Buddhist morality, there was infusion of practical needs with
theoretical knowledge and stress on ascetic life against worldly life. With the
advent of Buddhisim the demand for education among the people considerably
increased. The relaxation of barriers of caste in the sphere of religion and
learning helped for the expansion of education.
But it was
confined to the upper classes of the society and did not make any headway among
masses. As Buddhism became popular and attracted people, the demand for
education considerably increased. Be it as it may, Buddhisim broke the monopoly
of any particular section of the society pertaining to teaching and learning.
BIOTECHNOLOGY
BIOTECHNOLOGY
Biotechnology
is the use of living systems and organisms to develop or make products, or
"any technological application that uses biological systems, living
organisms or derivatives thereof, to make or modify products or processes for
specific use" (UN Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2). Depending
on the tools and applications, it often overlaps with the (related) fields of
bioengineering, biomedical engineering, biomanufacturing, etc.
For
thousands of years, humankind has used biotechnology in agriculture, food
production, and medicine.The term is largely believed to have been coined in
1919 by Hungarian engineer Károly Ereky. In the late 20th and early 21st
century, biotechnology has expanded to include new and diverse sciences such as
genomics, recombinant gene techniques, applied immunology, and development of pharmaceutical
therapies and diagnostic tests.
In medicine,
modern biotechnology finds applications in areas such as pharmaceutical drug
discovery and production, pharmacogenomics, and genetic testing (or genetic
screening).
Pharmacogenomics
(a combination of pharmacology and genomics) is the technology that analyses
how genetic makeup affects an individual's response to drugs. It deals with the
influence of genetic variation on drug response in patients by correlating gene
expression or single-nucleotide polymorphisms with a drug's efficacy or toxicity.
By doing so, pharmacogenomics aims to develop rational means to optimize drug
therapy, with respect to the patients' genotype, to ensure maximum efficacy with
minimal adverse effects. Such approaches promise the advent of
"personalized medicine"; in which drugs and drug combinations are
optimized for each individual's unique genetic makeup.
.Biotechnology
has contributed to the discovery and manufacturing of traditional small
molecule pharmaceutical drugs as well as drugs that are the product of
biotechnology - biopharmaceutics. Modern biotechnology can be used to
manufacture existing medicines relatively easily and cheaply. The first
genetically engineered products were medicines designed to treat human
diseases. To cite one example, in 1978 Genentech developed synthetic humanized
insulin by joining its gene with a plasmid vector inserted into the bacterium
Escherichia coli. Insulin, widely used for the treatment of diabetes, was
previously extracted from the pancreas of abattoir animals (cattle and/or
pigs). The resulting genetically engineered bacterium enabled the production of
vast quantities of synthetic human insulin at relatively low cost.Biotechnology
has also enabled emerging therapeutics like gene therapy. The application of
biotechnology to basic science (for example through the Human Genome Project)
has also dramatically improved our understanding of biology and as our
scientific knowledge of normal and disease biology has increased, our ability
to develop new medicines to treat previously untreatable diseases has increased
as well.
HAR GOBIND KHORANA
HAR GOBIND KHORANA
Har Gobind
Khorana (January 9, 1922 – November 9, 2011) was
an Indian-American biochemist who shared the 1968 Nobel Prize for Physiology or
Medicine with Marshall W. Nirenberg and Robert W. Holley for research that
showed how the order of nucleotides in nucleic acids, which carry the genetic
code of the cell, control the cell’s synthesis of proteins. Khorana and
Nirenberg were also awarded the Louisa Gross Horwitz Prize from Columbia
University in the same year.
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