HUMAN HEART
Wednesday, 9 March 2016
DYSCALCULIA
DYSCALCULIA
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Dyscalculia is
difficulty in learning or comprehending arithmetic, such as difficulty in
understanding numbers, learning how to manipulate numbers, and learning facts
in mathematics. It is generally seen as a specific developmental disorder.
Dyscalculia
can occur in people from across the whole IQ range, often, but not always,
involving difficulties with time, measurement, and spatial reasoning. Estimates
of the prevalence of dyscalculia range between 3 and 6% of the population. A
quarter of children with dyscalculia have ADHD.
Mathematical
disabilities can occur as the result of some types of brain injury, in which
case the proper term is acalculia, to distinguish it from dyscalculia which is
of innate, genetic or developmental origin.
Dyscalculia
has been associated with female children who have Turner syndrome, people who
have spina bifida and has also been associated with children who have ADHD.
DYSLEXIA
DYSLEXIA
Dyslexia,
also known as reading disorder, is characterized by trouble with reading
unrelated to problems with overall intelligence.Different people are affected
to varying degrees. Problems may include difficulties in spelling words,
reading quickly, writing words, "sounding out" words in the head,
pronouncing words when reading aloud and understanding what one reads. Often
these difficulties are first noticed at school. When someone who previously
could read loses their ability, it is known as alexia. The difficulties are
involuntary and people with this disorder have an unaffected desire to learn.
The cause of
dyslexia is believed to involve both genetic and environmental factors.Some
cases run in families. It often occurs in people with attention deficit hyperactivity
disorder (ADHD) and is associated with similar difficulties with numbers.It may
begin in adulthood as the result of a traumatic brain injury, stroke, or
dementia. The underlying mechanisms are problems within the brain's language
processing.Dyslexia is diagnosed through a series of tests of memory, spelling,
vision, and reading skills.Dyslexia is separate from reading difficulties
caused by insufficient teaching; or either hearing or vision problems.
Treatment
involves adjusting teaching methods to meet the person's needs. While not
curing the underlying problem, it may decrease the degree of symptoms.
Treatments targeting vision are not effective.Dyslexia is the most common
learning disability, affecting 3–7 % of the population; however, up to 20% may
have some degree of symptoms. While dyslexia is more often diagnosed in men, it
has been suggested that it affects men and women equally. Dyslexia occurs in
all areas of the world. Some believe that dyslexia should be best considered as
a different way of learning, with both benefits and downsides.
PESTICIDES
PESTICIDES
Pesticides
are substances meant for attracting, seducing, and then destroying any pest.
They are a class of biocide. The most common use of pesticides is as plant
protection products (also known as crop protection products), which in general
protect plants from damaging influences such as weeds, fungi, or insects. This
use of pesticides is so common that the term pesticide is often treated as
synonymous with plant protection product, although it is in fact a broader
term, as pesticides are also used for non-agricultural purposes. The term
pesticide includes all of the following: herbicide, insecticide, insect growth
regulator, nematicide, termiticide, molluscicide, piscicide, avicide,
rodenticide, predacide, bactericide, insect repellent, animal repellent,
antimicrobial, fungicide, disinfectant (antimicrobial), and sanitizer.
In general,
a pesticide is a chemical or biological agent (such as a virus, bacterium,
antimicrobial, or disinfectant) that deters, incapacitates, kills, or otherwise
discourages pests. Target pests can include insects, plant pathogens, weeds,
mollusks, birds, mammals, fish, nematodes (roundworms), and microbes that
destroy property, cause nuisance, or spread disease, or are disease vectors.
Although pesticides have benefits, some also have drawbacks, such as potential
toxicity to humans and other species. According to the Stockholm Convention on
Persistent Organic Pollutants, 9 of the 12 most dangerous and persistent
organic chemicals are organochlorine pesticides.
CANCER
CANCER
Cancer is a group of diseases involving abnormal cell growth
with the potential to invade or spread to other parts of the body. Not all
tumors are cancerous; benign tumors do not spread to other parts of the body.,Possible
signs and symptoms include: a new lump, abnormal bleeding, a prolonged cough,
unexplained weight loss, and a change in bowel movements among others. While
these symptoms may indicate cancer, they may also occur due to other issues.
There are over 100 different known cancers that affect humans.
Tobacco use is the cause of about 22% of cancer deaths.Another
10% is due to obesity, a poor diet, lack of physical activity, and consumption
of alcohol.Other factors include certain infections, exposure to ionizing radiation,
and environmental pollutants. In the developing world nearly 20% of cancers are
due to infections such as hepatitis B, hepatitis C, and human papillomavirus
(HPV).These factors act, at least partly, by changing the genes of a cell.
Typically many such genetic changes are required before cancer develops.Approximately
5–10% of cancers are due to genetic defects inherited from a person's parents.
Cancer can be detected by certain signs and symptoms or screening tests. It is
then typically further investigated by medical imaging and confirmed by biopsy.
Many cancers can be prevented by not smoking, maintaining a
healthy weight, not drinking too much alcohol, eating plenty of vegetables,
fruits and whole grains, being vaccinated against certain infectious diseases,
not eating too much processed and red meat, and avoiding too much exposure to
sunlight.[9][10] Early detection through screening is useful for cervical and
colorectal cancer.The benefits of screening in breast cancer are controversial.Cancer
is often treated with some combination of radiation therapy, surgery,
chemotherapy, and targeted therapy.Pain and symptom management are an important
part of care. Palliative care is particularly important in those with advanced
disease.The chance of survival depends on the type of cancer and extent of
disease at the start of treatment. In children under 15 at diagnosis the
five-year survival rate in the developed world is on average 80%.For cancer in
the United States the average five-year survival rate is 66%.
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